構成當今大多數衝突的是遊擊戰、武裝反叛和恐怖主義，俄亥俄大學政治學家約翰·米勒(John Mueller)把這些衝突形式稱為"殘餘戰爭"("Remnants of War") 。米勒拒絕接受對這一趨勢所做的生物學解釋，因為"雄性激素的水平似乎並不比過去低。"米勒指出，民主國家之間幾乎從不發生戰爭，他把二次世界大戰以來戰爭的減少至少部分歸因於世界各地大批民主國家的湧現。
The highest stage of political changes in contemporary human ethnic civilization
In the contemporary transformation process of human civilization and the era of political globalization, political leaders with political morality and world justice must self-liberate the nature of human aggression and engage in political management defined by contemporary politics, which is the way to optimize the happiness of human races on earth. , It is also the true highest honor in the political life of those in power.
Human beings are originally good by nature, but they become evil due to struggles that lead to human nature.
"War is the continuation of politics" [Offense is the best defense] This is the argument of German Clausewitz, the author of "On War" in 1832, the originator of Western military theory, about the nature of human aggression.
Einstein once asked Freud: "Why war?" Freud couldn't answer. So far no one can answer.
Is it human instinct, ideas or economic factors that drive people to get involved in war?
In the post-nuclear era, the damage that war may cause to mankind will only increase rather than decrease. But why do wars between human races continue to exist?
Most people are thinking, what can be done to prevent war?
Is war an irresistible attraction to humans? Can war really satisfy the basic needs of human nature? Despite the heavy cost, humans still have a soft spot for war?
Finding a way to eradicate war is always the expectation of mankind in the world, isn't it?
Where is the non-violent way to achieve social change that will evolve the political civilization of human ethnic groups?
Will the wars between human races on earth disappear?
Anthropologists have found links between war and environmental disasters such as drought.
War is not part of the natural human environment. The civilization of the human race advocates the use of non-violent means to achieve change.
Martin Luther King Jr. predicted that the war would eventually end.
Most human groups have to accept the inevitable fact of war and militarism. War is "in our genes".
The aggressive nature of human beings is the element that leads to human war.
Lawrence Keeley, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois, estimates that more than 90 percent of pre-state tribal societies engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many were at constant war.
Tribal wars are usually skirmishes and ambushes rather than large-scale confrontations. But in the long term, the mortality rate from these conflicts can be as high as 50%.
Human beings are originally good by nature, but through struggle they become evil. The war gene can be traced back to the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Genetically speaking, humans and chimpanzees are of the same essence.
The human nature of turf wars between powerful groups. It is the nature of a chimpanzee group to fight to the death over territory.
Violence among chimpanzee groups causes mortality rates similar to those of humans during the fishing and hunting period.
"Violence like that between chimpanzees precedes and paves the way for human warfare.
After 5 million years of continuous fighting, humans still exist.
The nature of human nature in the aggression and struggle of human nature with the dominant mentality in the process of natural selection. This, of course, includes humans, including male primates with a propensity for violent aggression, or those who desire political power in human groups.
The aggressive nature of human nature is the struggle between selfishness, material desire and possessiveness for power.
Chagan explains that truly homicidal people tend to be killed quickly themselves, rather than live long enough to marry as many wives and have as many children.
Human nature fights because fighting is a channel for men to improve their social status in their society.
But the human race hates war and wants it abolished from their culture.
In fact, human groups have accepted the laws and behavioral norms of the outside world, and the frequency of any violent behavior, including war, has dropped sharply.
Therefore, human violence, including war, is not human nature.
The intermittent nature of war has led many researchers to reject the idea that war is an inevitable consequence of human nature.
"If war is deeply ingrained in our biology, it will always be there." He pointed out, Biological determinism cannot explain the societies before the emergence of states or the forms of war between states and societies.
Some societies are constantly at war, while others are rarely at war.
Some frequency of wars is related to environmental factors, particularly droughts, floods, and other natural disasters that cause people to worry about the lack of necessities.
Experts believe that educating girls will bring about population stability and reduce social unrest.
The root cause of war is a lack of food and other resources.
Throughout history, humans have never been able to live in ecological balance.
Human beings are always depleting environmental resources on earth. This situation has led us to always regard competition as a means of survival, and therefore war has become an inevitable consequence of our ecological-demographic imbalance tendency. "
It has been suggested that two key measures for human groups to avoid future conflicts are: Controlling population growth and finding cheap alternatives to fossil fuels.
Frans de Waal, a professor who studies primate behavior, has noted that normally aggressive macaques become less aggressive when raised by gentle docktail monkeys.
By reinforcing the primates' interdependence—for example, forcing them to cooperate for food—and ensuring that they had equal access to food, de Waal succeeded in reducing conflict between them.
In applying these experiences to explain human societies, de Waal sees bright prospects for unions such as the European Union, which aim to promote trade and travel and thereby promote interdependence. "If economic relations are established, wars that often occur over resources may disappear," he said.
Perhaps the most promising and surprising information emerging from the study of modern warfare is that humans as a whole have become increasingly less belligerent. The two world wars and all other bloody conflicts of the twentieth century killed less than 3% of the global population, far less than the proportion of men killed by violence in primitive societies whose weapons were little more than clubs and spears. Machine guns and bombs.
If war is defined as an armed conflict that kills 1,000 people a year, there have been relatively few wars between states over the past half century, while civil wars have declined significantly since their peak in the early 1990s.
Guerrilla warfare, armed rebellion, and terrorism constitute most of today's conflicts, a form of conflict that Ohio University political scientist John Mueller calls "Remnants of War." Miller rejected biological explanations for the trend because "androgen levels do not appear to be lower than in the past." Miller noted that democracies almost never went to war with each other, and he considered wars since World War II The decline is at least partly attributable to the emergence of a large number of democracies around the world.
need more civilization
Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker notes that wars and other forms of violence have declined in recent years.
Some possible reasons: first, The establishment of a stable state with an effective legal system and a police force eliminates Hobbesian anarchy;
second,
Increased life expectancy makes us less willing to risk our lives in violent activities. Third, due to globalization and advances in communication technology, humans have become increasingly interdependent and sympathetic to groups outside of our own tribe. Pinker concluded that although humans could easily repeat the mistakes of war, "the power of modernization has helped the situation continue to change for the better."
Many studies have refuted the erroneous view that war is a constant of human existence.
Human civilization does not create wars but helps prevent them.
If we want to eradicate war, we need more civilization, not less.
Civilization brings legal institutions that allow us to make laws, negotiate and enforce agreements to resolve disputes.
These institutions, ranging from local courts to the United Nations, have significantly reduced the threat of violence between and within countries.
However, such a mechanism is far from perfect.
What actions should countries around the world take to promote peace?
Women's education serves as another key measure to reduce conflict.
The population is stabilized, thereby reducing the need for government and medical services, reducing the consumption of natural resources, and ultimately reducing the potential for social unrest.
Unmarried, unemployed young men are highly correlated with inter- and intra-country violence.
accept peace
Obviously, eliminating war is not an easy task.
War happens for many different reasons.
Many factors must also be considered if lasting peace is to be achieved.
Social scientists help advance peace.
openly renounce war
causes of war and peace
The goal is to find ways to reduce conflict in the world today.
Searching for humanity’s path to everlasting peace:
Abolition of the army, armaments and military industries.
Global disarmament currently seems unlikely.
Can humanity really tolerate armies and armaments, including weapons of mass destruction, becoming a permanent feature of civilization?
The possibility of global nuclear war remains high.
The Soviet Union improbably collapsed and the Cold War ended in peace.
Are the roots of war in our genes?
People's yearning for peace and their ability to maintain peace will certainly not escape the whirlpool of evolution.
